People arriving in the UK from overseas now have to take a COVID-19 test before they travel, under new rules designed to slow the spread of the Omicron variant.

The changes, which came into effect at 4am on Tuesday, will mean:

• Anyone travelling from countries that are not on the red list must take a pre-departure test two days before their departure

• Anyone testing positive will not be allowed to travel

• The government’s website says that if a person’s journey to England is a multi-leg journey then the test must be taken in the two days before the start of the first leg

• Scotland and Wales have said they will implement similar measures

• Hotel quarantine will remain for those who have been in a red list country within 10 days of their departure: Angola, Botswana, Eswatini, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, South Africa, Zambia, Zimbabwe

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It comes after Health Secretary Sajid Javid admitted that the new variant is now spreading within the community, rather than just being linked to returning travellers.

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He said on Monday that some of the UK’s 336 confirmed Omicron cases were not connected to travel.

It is not yet know how the Omicron variant differs from the Delta one, but some early indications from the UK Health Security Agency are that the window between infection and infectiousness may be shorter than for the Delta variant.

Mr Javid also said that none of the UK’s Omicron cases had resulted in hospital admission.

The travel industry has reacted with anger to the new testing rules and the earlier additions to the red list, and Mr Javid responded by saying the measures were temporary.

Labour leader Sir Keir Starmer called on the government to do “whatever it can” to lower the price of COVID-19 pre-departure tests, saying people are “getting really hammered by prices that can’t be justified”.

Also on Tuesday, European Union health ministers will discuss whether to adjust travel restrictions imposed on southern African countries after the Omicron variant was first reported by scientists in South Africa.

The ministers could agree to PCR tests for vaccinated third-country nationals from the region, meaning that some of the travel bans could be lifted within a week, according to a Bloomberg report.

The UK’s travel restrictions are due to be reviewed on 20 December.